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Colon cancer is a type of cancer that starts in your colon (large intestine) or rectum. Your colon and rectum are the organs that make up the lower portion of your digestive system.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)Trusted Source, colon cancer — also known as colorectal cancer — is the third most common type of cancer in the United States when certain common skin cancers are excluded. In fact, the American Cancer Society (ACS)Trusted Source estimates that about 1 in 23 men and 1 in 25 women will develop colorectal cancer during their lifetime.
The symptoms, treatment, and outlook for colon cancer will generally depend on the stage your cancer is in when you’re first diagnosed.
Stages of colon cancer
Doctors use staging as a general guideline to figure out how far along the cancer is. It’s important for a doctor to know the stage of the cancer because it helps determine the best treatment plan for you. It’s also a good way to estimate your long-term outlook.
Stage 0 colon cancer is the earliest stage, and stage 4 is the most advanced stage. Here’s how the stages are defined:
Stage 0. Also known as carcinoma in situ, in this stage abnormal cells are only in the inner lining of the colon or rectum.
Stage 1. The cancer has penetrated the lining, or mucosa, of the colon or rectum and may have grown into the muscle layer. It hasn’t spread to nearby lymph nodes or to other parts of the body.
Stage 2. The cancer has spread to the walls of the colon or rectum, or through the walls to nearby tissues, but hasn’t affected the lymph nodes.
Stage 3. The cancer has moved to the lymph nodes but not to other parts of the body.
Stage 4. The cancer has spread to other distant organs, such as the liver or lungs.
▶️Risk factors you can’t change
Some factors that increase your risk of developing colon cancer can’t be changed. For instance, your age, ethnicity, and family health history can all impact your risk of colon cancer.
Risk factors you can’t control include:
1. being over 50
2. a prior history of colon polyps
3. a prior history of bowel diseases
4. a family history of colorectal cancer
5. having certain genetic syndromes, such as familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)
6. being of African or Ashkenazi Jewish descent
▶️Risk factors you can avoid
Other risk factors are avoidable. This means you can change them to decrease your risk of developing colon cancer. Avoidable risk factors include:
1. being overweight or having obesity
2. being a smoker
3. being a heavy drinker
4. having type 2 diabetes
5. having a sedentary lifestyle
6. consuming a diet high in processed meats
You can take steps now to reduce your risk by:
decreasing the amount of red meat you eat
avoiding processed meats, such as hot dogs and deli meats
eating more plant-based foods
decreasing dietary fat
exercising daily
losing weight, if your doctor recommends it
quitting smoking
reducing alcohol consumption
decreasing stress
managing preexisting diabetes
Another preventive measure? Getting a colonoscopy or other cancer screening when you turn 45 years old. The earlier the cancer is detected, the better the outcome.
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