B cells are a type of white blood cell responsible for generating antibodies against viruses, bacteria, and more. B cells are formed in the bone marrow. When they mature, B cells move into the blood and lymphatic system and from there to the different body parts.
Dr. Barzel explains: “Until now, only a few scientists, and we among them, had been able to engineer B cells outside of the body, and in this study, we were the first to do this in the body and to make these cells generate desired antibodies.
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Genetic engineering is done with viral carriers derived from viruses that were engineered so as not to cause damage but only to bring the gene coding for the antibody into the B cells in the body.
Additionally, in this case, we have been able to accurately introduce the antibodies into a desired site in the B cell genome.
All model animals who had been administered the treatment responded and had high quantities of the desired antibody in their blood. We produced the antibody from the blood and made sure it was actually effective in neutralizing the HIV virus in the lab dish.”
The genetic editing was done with CRISPR. This is a technology-based on a bacterial immune system against viruses. The bacteria use the CRISPR systems as a sort of molecular “search engine” to locate viral sequences and cut them in order to disable them.
Two biochemists who had figured out the sophisticated defense mechanism, Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna, were able to reroute for the cleavage of any DNA of choice.
The technology has since been used to either disable unwanted genes or repair and insert desired genes. Doudna and Charpentier earned international recognition when they became chemistry Nobel Prize winners in 2020.
The PhD student Alessio Nehmad elaborates on the use of CRISPR: “We incorporate the capability of a CRISPR to direct the introduction of genes into desired sites along with the capabilities of viral carriers to bring desired genes to desired cells. Thus, we are able to engineer the B cells inside the patient’s body.
We use two viral carriers of the AAV family, one carrier code for the desired antibody and the second carrier code the CRISPR system.
When the CRISPR cuts in the desired size in the genome of the B cells it directs the introduction of the desired gene: the gene coding for the antibody against the HIV virus, which causes AIDS.”
Currently, the researchers explain, there is no genetic treatment for AIDS, so the research opportunities are vast.
Dr. Barzel concludes: “We developed an innovative treatment that may defeat the virus with a one-time injection, with the potential of bringing about tremendous improvement in the patients’ condition.
When the engineered B cells encounter the virus, the virus stimulates and encourages them to divide, so we are utilizing the very cause of the disease to combat it.
Furthermore, if the virus changes, the B cells will also change accordingly in order to combat it, so we have created the first medication ever that can evolve in the body and defeat viruses in the ‘arms race.
Based on this study we can expect that over the coming years we will be able to produce in this way medication for AIDS, additional infectious diseases, and certain types of cancer caused by a virus, such as cervical cancer, head, and neck cancer, and more”.
Source: Medindia
